What Is The Cause Of Stress
Hints and Tips on Stress Management and how to Deal with Stressful Situations.
Friday 28 December 2012
What Causes Stress?
What Causes Stress?
What causes stress? Part of the answer is a “stressor”. The other part is
“stress reactivity”. A stressor is a stimulus with the potential of triggering the fight
or flight response. The stressors for which our bodies were evolutionarily trained
were threats to our safety. The caveman who saw a lion looking for its next meal
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needed to react quickly. Cavemen who were not fast enough or strong enough to
respond to this threat didn't have any worry about the next threat. They became
meals for the lions.
When you step off a curb, not noticing a car coming down the street, and
hear its horn, you quickly jump back onto the curb. Your heart beats fast, your
breathing changes, and you perspire. These are all manifestations of your
response to a stressor, the threat of being hit by a car. Other stressors you
encounter have the potential for eliciting the same fight or flight response, even
though it would be inappropriate to respond immediately or with some action.
These stressors are symbolic ones; for example, the loss of status, threats to
self-esteem, work overload, or over-crowding. When the boss overloads you with
work, it is dysfunctional to fight with him or her and equally ridiculous to run away
and not tackle the work. When you encounter the stressors associated with
moving to a new town, fighting with new people you meet or shying away from
meeting them are both inappropriate means of adjustment.
The point is that our bodies have evolved to respond to stressors with an
immediate action by altering their physiology for greater speed and strength.
When we encounter symbolic stressors, our bodies are altered in the same
manner, although we do not use the changed physiology by responding with
some action. Therefore, we build up stress products. We do not use these stress
products but rather “grin and bear” the situation. The results are illness and
disease when the stress reaction is chronic, is prolonged, or goes unabated.
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This need not be the case. We can learn to take control of ourselves and
of our bodies to prevent the fight or flight response from developing when
encountering symbolic threats. We can also learn how to use stress products
once our physiology has changed to prevent them from resulting in illness,
disease, or other negative consequences.
Now that you know what a stressor is and what stress reactivity entails, it
is time to define stress itself. It is the combination of a stressor and stress
reactivity. Without both of these components, there is no stress. A stressor has
only the potential of eliciting a stress reaction. Imagine two people fired from their
jobs. One views being fired as catastrophic, while the other views being fired as
less severe. The stressor (being fired) had the potential of eliciting physiological
arousal, but only the thought processes employed by the first person would result
in such a reaction. By definition, that person experienced stress. The second
person encountered the same stressor but perceived it in such a way as to
prevent physiological arousal. That person was not stressed.
Pioneers of Stress
Pioneers of Stress
In the early part of the twentieth century, Walter Cannon was a noted
psychologist employed at the Harvard Medical School. He was the first person to
describe the body's reaction to stress. Think of it this way: Your heart begins to
pound and speed up, you seem unable to catch your breath, you begin to
perspire, your muscles tense and a whole array of changes occur within your
body. He identified this stress reaction as the 'fight or flight' response. Your body
prepares itself, when confronted by a threat, to either stand ground and fight or
run away.
Using rats in an experiment and exposing them to stressors, Hans Selye
was able to specify the changes in the body's physiology. In his book “The Stress
Of Life”, he summarized stress reactivity as a three-phase process called the
general adaptation syndrome:
Phase 1: Alarm reaction - The body shows the changes characteristic of
the first exposure to a stressor. At the same time, its resistance is diminished
and, if the stressor is sufficiently strong (like extreme temperature), death may
result.
Phase 2: State of resistance - Resistance ensues if continued exposure to
the stressor is compatible with adaptation. The bodily signs characteristic of the
alarm reaction have virtually disappeared, and resistance rises above normal.
Phase 3: Stage of exhaustion - Following long continued exposure to the
same stressor, to which the body has become adjusted, eventually adaptation
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energy is exhausted. The signs of the alarm reaction reappear, but now they are
irreversible, and the individual dies.
Selye said stress is “nonspecific response of the body to any demand
made upon it.” That means both good things (like a promotion) to which we must
adapt (also called eustress) and bad things (loss of a loved one, a.k.a. distress).
Both are experienced physiologically. Other researchers have added to the work
of these two scientists to shed more light on the relationship of stress to body
processes. With this understanding comes a better appreciation of which
illnesses and diseases are associated with stress and how to prevent these
conditions from developing. Others also helped clarify the effects of stress.
Others have found ways of successfully treating people with stress-related
illnesses.
Stress may not just be bothersome but may be downright unhealthy, and
that stress may lead to other negative consequences, such as poor relationships
with loved ones or low academic achievement. Stress management is serious
business to which some very fine minds have devoted their time and effort. This
study has paid off and is continuing to do so.
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